Dividends4Life: November 2007

Dividend Growth Stocks News

Carnival of Personal Finance #128

Posted by D4L | Friday, November 30, 2007 | | 3 comments »

This week's Carnival of Personal Finance #128 was hosted by StockTradingToGo. For those readers not familiar with the CoPF, it's where personal finance bloggers submit their best articles of the week with one blog doing the hosting. The entries are separated into categories including Investing, Debt, Saving and Budgeting, Money Management, Credit, Finance and Taxes, Career and Other.

This week's Carnival included my article Yield on Cost: Measuring for Success. Articles I enjoyed reading included:

  1. Beware the Siren Song of Gift Cards by FiveCentNickel
  2. 10 Tips For Being A Smart and Safe Consumer by The Digerati Life
  3. 22 Money Maximizing Moves You Can Do Today by Moolanomy
  4. Buffett on Diversification by Breaking the Shackles of the 9 to 5
  5. Albert Einstein Knew a Thing or Two About Investing… by Where Does All My Money Go
  6. Key psychological factors in stock market success by Personal Financier
  7. Protecting Yourself From Identity Theft by Homo economicus
There are some really good articles there, please take time and read a few of them.

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What's Up With Citi's (C) Payday Loan?

Posted by D4L | Thursday, November 29, 2007 | | 2 comments »

Earlier this week it was reported in Bloomburg that Citigroup will receive $7.5 billion cash from the state-owned Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) to prop up its capital base after record mortgage losses wiped out almost half its market value. Initially this looked like a good thing. However, I found this quote a little disturbing:

Abu Dhabi will buy securities that convert to stock and yield 11 percent a year, almost double the interest Citigroup offers bond investors, underscoring the New York-based company's need for cash.


Yield 11% per year? That is nearly double the current dividend yield. This sounds like a desperation payday loan to me. Yet another disturbing quote was:

The Citigroup equity units that ADIA will purchase can be swapped for as many as 235.6 million shares starting in 2010. The securities will convert into Citigroup shares at prices ranging from $31.83 to $37.24 between March 15, 2010, and Sept. 15, 2011.

In effect ADIA has locked in today's price for the debt's conversion in 3-4 years. As a shareholder, I would liked to have had the same offer -- 11% for 3-4 years with the opportunity to purchase stock at a historically low price.

I had a stop-loss go off a few weeks ago and sold my C holdings in my after-tax account. Since then then, I have been looking for a reentry point, but based on the above I will sit on the sidelines a little longer to see what unfolds.

Full Disclosure: At the time of this writing, I own shares of C in my IRA.


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Stock Analysis: BAC

Posted by D4L | Wednesday, November 28, 2007 | | 3 comments »

Linked here is a PDF copy of my detailed analysis of Bank of America Corporation (BAC). Below are some highlights from the above linked analysis:

Company Description: Bank of America Corporation is a financial holding company providing banking and nonbanking financial services in the United States and internationally.

Fair Value: I consider four calculations of fair value, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Avg. High Yield Price, 2.) 20-Year DCF Price, 3.) Avg. P/E Price and 4.) Graham Number. BAC is trading at a discount to three of the four valuations listed above. If I exclude the high and low valuation, and average the remaining two valuations, BAC is trading at a 12.8% discount. BAC gets a Star for being fairly valued.

Dividend Analytical Data: In this section I consider five factors, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15%, 2.) Dividend Growth Rate, 3.) Years of Div. Growth, 4.) 1-Yr. > 5-Yr Growth and 5.) Payout 15% of avg. BAC only earned one Star in this section for 3.) above - it has grown dividends for 10+ years.

Dividend Income vs. MMA: Why would you assume the equity risk and invest in a dividend stock if you could earn a better return in a much less risky money market account (MMA)? This section compares the earning ability of this stock with a high yield MMA. Two items are considered in this section, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) NPV MMA Diff. and 2.) Years to >MMA. BAC earned Stars for both 1.) and 2.) above.

Other: BAC has seen recent growth in its online business which has helped to improve operating efficiencies. With the acquisition of U.S. Trust, BAC looks to expand more into the highly profitable private banking business. Mostly as a result of the sub-prime crisis, BAC current valuation offers a sporty yield of 5.93% (as of 11/25/07).

Conclusion: BAC earned one Star in the Fair Value section, one Star in the Dividend Analytical Data section and two Stars in the Dividend Income vs. MMA section for a total of Four Stars which rates it as a 4-Star Buy.


Disclaimer: As always this is only my opinion and you should not rely on it. Before buying or selling any stock you should do your own research and reach your own conclusion. See my Disclaimer for more information.

Full Disclosure: At the time of this writing, I own shares of BAC.

What are your thoughts on BAC?


Recent Stock Analyses:

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The Most Important Financial Statement

Posted by D4L | Monday, November 26, 2007 | , , | 2 comments »

This article appeared in the Carnival of Personal Finance #129.

We all know what surprising the street will do to a stock's price. The street focuses on quarterly revenue, EPS, EBIT, EBITDA and margins. The income statement is where you find all the metrics that the street loves. It therefore must be the most important financial statement. Not!

In my opinion the most important financial statement is the lowly cash flow statement. Unfortunately, it is probably the least used and most misunderstood statement. Ultimately cash flow is what drives the value of any financial asset. The reason analysts look at revenue, EPS, EBIT, EBITDA and margins, they are trying to estimate a cash flow number.

The balance sheet is a snapshot of a company's financial position (assets and liabilities) at a single point in time, while the income statement summarizes a company's income and expenses over an interval of time to determine if a profit was earned. Both of these financial statements are prepared using accrual-basis accounting which matches revenues with the associated expenses to generate those revenues in the same period. This leads to a disconnect between cash and earnings.

For example, during the quarter a company sells some surplus land for cash. The attorney who handled the paperwork did not bill the company by the end of the quarter. Under U.S. accounting rules (SFAS 5 Accounting for Contingencies), you would record an expense on the income statement and a liability to pay the attorney on the balance sheet, although no cash has been paid. The balance sheet and income statement are not the best places to look when you want to understand what is going on with cash.

The cash flow statement is not based on accrual accounting, but instead is a cash-basis report focusing on inflows and outflows of cash. It adjusts out transactions that do not directly affect cash receipts and payments, such as adding depreciation back to net earnings. The cash flow statement allows investors to understand how a company's operations are running, where the cash is coming from and how it is being spent.

Transactions are categorized into the cash flow statement's three sections of operating, investing and financing activities. The accounting rules are very specific in defining what goes into each section, which ensures a degree of comparability between companies. Each section is discussed below.

Operating activities measure cash generated from core business operations – the sale of the company’s products and services. Included here are income and costs associated with production, sales, delivery, as well as collecting cash from customers. Cash from operating activities should always be positive and greater than the company's net income. Earnings are considered "high quality" when operating cash flow is consistently greater than net earnings. If operating cash flow is less than net earnings, this is a strong signal you need to look deeper into the financials with a critical eye.

Investing activities focus on the purchase of the long-term assets the company needs to make and sell its products, along with any sales of long-term assets. This section also includes business acquisitions and strategic investments.

Financing activities include the inflow of cash from the sale of stock or issuance of debt, as well as the outflow of cash as dividends, purchases of treasury stock and repayment of debt.

Conclusion: As an investor, you want to pay close attention to the cash flow statement. Given the complexity of today’s accounting rules, earnings on the income statement and assets and liabilities on the balance sheet are often misleading (e.g. mark-to-market of a derivative, recording an asset for an asset retirement obligation). When a company consistently generates more cash than it uses, it will be able to increase dividends paid, buy back shares, reduce debt, or acquire another company. As a dividend investor, I want to know my company is financially capable of paying me a higher dividend each year, and the cash flow statement is the first place to look when making this determination.

Do you use the cash flow statement when evaluating a company?


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Carnival of Personal Finance #127

Posted by D4L | Friday, November 23, 2007 | | 4 comments »

Moolanomy did an incredible job hosting this week's Carnival of Personal Finance #127. For those readers not familiar with the CoPF, it's where personal finance bloggers submit their best articles of the week with one blog doing the hosting. The entries are separated into categories including Real Estate, Investing, Taxes, Credit, Debt, Economy, Saving, Frugality, Insurance, Money Management, Budgeting and Finance.

This week's Carnival included my article Is Your Portfolio Average?. I enjoyed reading:

  1. A Penny Saved is Worth More Than a Penny Earned by Cash Money Life
  2. Prepare Your Mindset to Achieve Financial Freedom by Journey to Financial Freedom
  3. Why I Use Credit Cards by Broke Grad Student
  4. Strangers Can Do Bank Transfers From Your Accounts? by 2million’s Financial Freedom
  5. How Call Options Work I - The Basics by Million Dollar Journey
  6. The Most Misunderstood Tax - The Estate Tax by Advanced Personal Finance

Moolanomy took the extra time to comment on each article so selecting one that you are interested in should be quite easy this week. There are some really good articles there, please take time and read a few of them.

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Men at Work

Posted by D4L | Thursday, November 22, 2007 | | 0 comments »

I am currently moving to a three column template so please forgive the "mess" while construction is underway. I have already learned that widgets lose their contents when you import an xml file... Sigh...

No substantive content has been lost so I will recover.

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My Dividend Stock Holdings

Posted by D4L | Wednesday, November 21, 2007 | | 0 comments »

I have added a widget that provides delayed quotes and news on dividend stocks I own. This is not a recommendation to buy these stocks. Some of the stocks listed I have classified as hold, thus I am neither buying or selling. For some others listed, I am waiting for the appropriate exit point. For all others, I am actively buying.

Disclaimer: Before buying or selling any stock you should do your own research and reach your own conclusion. See my Disclaimer for more information.

Let me know if it slows the site down and what you think of the widget.

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Stock Analysis: JNJ

Posted by D4L | Wednesday, November 21, 2007 | | 0 comments »

Linked here is a PDF copy of my detailed analysis of Johnson & Johnson (JNJ). Below are some highlights from the above linked analysis:

Company Description: Johnson & Johnson engages in the manufacture and sale of various products in the health care field worldwide.

Fair Value: I consider four calculations of fair value, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Avg. High Yield Price, 2.) 20-Year DCF Price, 3.) Avg. P/E Price and 4.) Graham Number. JNJ is trading at a discount to 1.) and 2.) of the four valuations listed above. If I exclude the high and low valuation, and average the remaining two valuations, JNJ is trading at a 3.6% discount. JNJ gets a Star for being fair valued.

Dividend Analytical Data: In this section I consider five factors, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15%, 2.) Dividend Growth Rate, 3.) Years of Div. Growth, 4.) 1-Yr. > 5-Yr Growth and 5.) Payout 15% of avg. JNJ only earned one Star in this section for 3.) above - it has grown dividends for 10+ years.

Dividend Income vs. MMA: Why would you assume the equity risk and invest in a dividend stock if you could earn a better return in a much less risky money market account (MMA)? This section compares the earning ability of this stock with a high yield MMA. Two items are considered in this section, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) NPV MMA Diff. and 2.) Years to >MMA. I was somewhat shocked that JNJ did not earn any Stars in this section. The data is telling me that I would have to own JNJ for 14 years before it would pay what I am currently earning in a MMA, and after 20 years net present value of what I earned in excess of the MMA would only be $471 per $1,000 invested. A lot can happen in 20 year.

Other: JNJ is a well run company that has a long track record of raising dividends. It is a member of S&P Dividend Aristocrats and The Broad Dividend Achievers.

Conclusion: JNJ earned one Star in the Fair Value section, one Star in the Dividend Analytical Data section and no Stars in the Dividend Income vs. MMA section for a total of Two Stars, which rates it as 2-Star Weak. For some time now, I have been looking for an entry point to purchase JNJ. Based on this analysis, I will continue to wait.

Disclaimer: As always this is only my opinion and you should not rely on it. Before buying or selling any stock you should do your own research and reach your own conclusion. See my Disclaimer for more information.

Full Disclosure: At the time of this writing, I do not own shares of JNJ.

What are your thoughts on JNJ?


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Financial Melt-down Continues

Posted by D4L | Tuesday, November 20, 2007 | | 2 comments »

The financial melt-down continued yesterday. It was particularily brutal among the banks with Goldman's downgrade of Citigroup (C) to sell. Goldman's analyst said C's writedowns may total $15 billion over the next two quarters. Washington Mutual (WM) took it on the chin Monday losing an additional 7.3%. WM is down nearly 50% since early October.

This comes at a time when the world's biggest financial institutions are paying more to borrow in the corporate bond market than industrial companies. Below are excerpts from a recent article on Bloomberg:

Investors are demanding extra compensation for the risk of owning Citigroup Inc., Merrill Lynch and Barclays Plc on concern that the $50 billion in losses already reported from subprime mortgages will increase. The total damage may reach $400 billion worldwide, Deutsche Bank AG analysts said this week in a report, and Wells Fargo & Co. Chief Executive Officer John Stumpf said the housing market is the worst since the Great Depression.

U.S. financial firms, which are rated A+ on average by Standard & Poor's, are paying similar yields to companies rated two or three levels lower, Merrill Lynch data show.

Until credibility can be restored, the banks are going to have to pay prices to investors that they thought were unthinkable until six months ago,'' said John Atkins, corporate bond analyst at research firm IDEAglobal in New York.


This lack of credibility is also showing up in the banks valuations and thus their dividend yields. There are still a lot of uneasy people out there. However, this is creating quite an extraordinary buying opportunity. I am not gulping, but I am nibbling at some of the larger regional banks.

Are you currently purchasing bank stocks?


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Yield on Cost: Measuring for Success

Posted by D4L | Monday, November 19, 2007 | , | 7 comments »

This article appeared in The Carnival of Personal Finance #128.

If the first step in sucuessfully managing something is to determine the desired outcome (set a goal), then the logical second step is to determine how to measure your progress to ensure you are moving toward your goal. Most investors look at anualized returns and compare it to a benchmark when evaluating their portfolio. Beyond benchmarking an annualized return, there is a great disparity in how investors measure their progress. One of the more interesting metrics I track is Yield on Cost (YOC). It is simply the annual dividend rate times number of shares owned divided by what you paid for the investment (basis).

Many knowledgeable investors are quick to point out that YOC is an irrelevant metric. They argue that current yield is what is meaningful when comparing investments. They are correct in this statement. YOC is entirely specific to the timing of an investment. You can have a different YOC for the same investment purchased at different times on the same day. It is totally determined by the price paid.

If the objective of an income investor is to invest in securities with increasing income over time, the best metric to measure your success in achieving this objective is Yield on Cost. An illustrative example will help. Consider two companies RY and KO. Let's assume you purchase both companies at their low in 1997 and hold them through 2006.




















If you were judging your investments solely on current yield, they would be virtually the same in 2006 at slightly over 3%. However, based on your original investment, the YOC for RY is more than six times that of KO. This occurred while the average dividend growth rate for RY was only double that of KO - now that is the kind of leverage I like!

As an income investor, I would much rather have held RY during this period.

As mentioned in my post Dividend Income vs. MMA, dividend growth is the reason you choose an equity investment over over a safer investment such as a high-yield Money Market Fund. I track YOC because I expect it to grow over time. At the time of this writing I own 28 equity investments in my dividend/income portfolio. The YOC on them is 4.95%. Using my projection model and assuming that I don't purchase any additional shares in the future, these are the YOCs I would expect to see in the coming years:

  • Now 4.95%
  • 1-yr 5.32%
  • 3-yr 6.23%
  • 5-yr 7.42%
  • 8-yr 9.97%
  • 10-yr 12.41%
  • 15-yr 23.00%
  • 20-yr 46.38%

46% in 20 years - that's something to get excited about. In reality, I think I can beat that by fine-tuning my portfolio.

For additional information on YOC, I refer you to the article The Magic of Yield on Cost. It was written by the CEO of Realty Income (O). Let me also add that Realty Income produces the most entertaining annual reports I get each year.

What are your thoughts about yield on cost?



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Stock Analysis: AFL

Posted by D4L | Sunday, November 18, 2007 | | 0 comments »

Linked here is a PDF copy of my detailed analysis of AFLAC Inc. (AFL). Below are some highlights from the above linked analysis:

Company Description: Aflac Incorporated engages in the marketing and sale of supplemental health and life insurance plans in the United States and Japan.

Fair Value: I consider four calculations of fair value, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Avg. High Yield Price, 2.) 20-Year DCF Price, 3.) Avg. P/E Price and 4.) Graham Number. AFL doesn't do very well in this section. It is trading at a discount to only one of the four valuations listed above. If I exclude the high and low valuation, and average the remaining two valuations, AFL is trading at a 8.4% premium. AFL has a Star deducted for trading at a premium in excess of 5%.

Dividend Analytical Data: In this section I consider five factors, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15%, 2.) Dividend Growth Rate, 3.) Years of Div. Growth, 4.) 1-Yr. > 5-Yr Growth and 5.) Payout 15% of avg. AFL earned Stars in all four categories [5.) is a deduct only, if failed]. AFL topped out in this section.

Dividend Income vs. MMA: Why would you assume the equity risk and invest in a dividend stock if you could earn a better return in a much less risky money market account (MMA)? This section compares the earning ability of this stock with a high yield MMA. Two items are considered in this section, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) NPV MMA Diff. and 2.) Years to >MMA. As well as AFL performed in the previous section, it failed dismally in this section earning no Stars.

Other: The AFLAC duck is probably one of the most recognized icons currently used in advertising. My kids (12 and 10) absolutely love their commercials.

Conclusion: AFL lost one Star in the Fair Value section, added four Stars in the Dividend Analytical Data section and added no Stars in the Dividend Income vs. MMA section for a total of Three Stars which rates it as a 3-Star Hold. AFL is a great company and has all the dividend analytical attributes that I am looking for, but at its current price and dividend yield, I do not see it as a good value. I will wait for a better buying opportunity before adding to my current position.

Disclaimer: As always this is only my opinion and you should not rely on it. Before buying or selling any stock you should do your own research and reach your own conclusion. See my Disclaimer for more information.

Full Disclosure: At the time of this writing, I own shares of AFL.

What are your thoughts on AFL? Do your kids like the duck?

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Carnival of Personal Finance #126

Posted by D4L | Friday, November 16, 2007 | | 0 comments »

Million Dollar Journey did a wonderful job hosting The Carnival of Personal Finance #126. For those readers not familiar with the CoPF, it's where personal finance bloggers submit their best articles of the week with one blog doing the hosting. The entries are separated into categories including Real Estate, Investing, Tax Talk, Debt/Credit, Career, Economy, Saving/Frugality, Money Management and General Finance.

This week's Carnival included my Stock Analysis of ACAS. I enjoyed reading 6 Tips for a Debt Free Christmas by Christian Personal Finance, 25 Ways I Save Money by Cash Money Life, Because of Dollar Cost Averaging, I Am Happy When My Stock Investment Portfolio Goes Down by Money Blue Book, 51 Painless Money-Saving Tips by The Dough Roller and Investing Mistakes to Avoid by Personal Financier .

There are some really good articles there, please take time and read a few of them.

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Stock Analysis: SFI

Posted by D4L | Wednesday, November 14, 2007 | | 0 comments »

Linked here is a PDF copy of my detailed analysis of iStar Financial Inc. (SFI). Last week I added to my position in this stock. Below are some highlights from the above linked analysis:

Company Description: iStar Financial, Inc. operates as a finance company focused on the commercial real estate industry. The company, which is taxed as a real estate investment trust (REIT), provides financing to private and corporate owners of real estate.

Fair Value: I consider four calculations of fair value, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Avg. High Yield Price, 2.) 20-Year DCF Price, 3.) Avg. P/E Price and 4.) Graham Number. SFI hits a home run here. It is trading at a discount to all four valuations listed above. If I exclude the high and low valuation, and average the remaining two valuations, SFI is trading at a 21.2% discount. SFI gets a Star for being fair valued.

Dividend Analytical Data: In this section I consider five factors, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15%, 2.) Dividend Growth Rate, 3.) Years of Div. Growth, 4.) 1-Yr. > 5-Yr Growth and 5.) Payout 15% of avg. SFI earned Stars in 3.) and 4.) above.

Dividend Income vs. MMA: Why would you assume the equity risk and invest in a dividend stock if you could earn a better return in a much less risky money market account (MMA)? This section compares the earning ability of this stock with a high yield MMA. Two items are considered in this section, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) NPV MMA Diff. and 2.) Years to >MMA. SFI earned Stars for 1.) and 2.) above.

Other: SFI, which focuses on commercial real estate industry, may have been unfairly pulled down in the sub-prime meltdown. Its 11.78% yield combined with a solid history of raising dividends makes this stock worth a second look. It is important to note that that the abnormally high payout ratio is due to the company's status as a REIT, which requires it to pay out 90% of its earnings each year.

Conclusion: SFI earned one Star in the Fair Value section, two Stars in the Dividend Analytical Data section and two Stars in the Dividend Income vs. MMA section for a total of Five Stars which rates it as a 5-Star Strong Buy.

Disclaimer: As always this is only my opinion and you should not rely on it. Before buying or selling any stock you should do your own research and reach your own conclusion. See my Disclaimer for more information.

Full Disclosure: At the time of this writing, I own shares of SFI.

What are your thoughts on SFI?


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Is Your Portfolio Average?

Posted by D4L | Monday, November 12, 2007 | , , | 1 comments »

This article appeared in The Carnival of Personal Finance #127.

"The people who want to achieve and aspire to be very good in their profession don't mind the way we do things. It's not normal to want to be as good as you can be. It's normal to be average. "
-- Nick Saban, Head Football Coach, University of Alabama

Ok, I'll go ahead and fess up. I am a college football fan, more specifically a University of Alabama football fanatic (Roll Tide!). Unfortunately, we have drifted in and out of mediocrity since Coach "Bear" Bryant retired after the 1982 season. We have had highs like winning our 12th national championship in 1992 and lows of being put on NCAA probation in 2002. We have changed coaches many times since 1982 and each time I hoped the new coach would be a winner. I never knew what was coming, until Coach Saban was hired.

From the first time I heard Coach Saban speak, it was no longer a matter of if we would return to our past championship ways, I knew it was only a matter of time. This is a man that will not settle for average. He points out in his book that his philosophy and teachings are not football specific. They can be applied to anything in life, including your family, your job or even your portfolio.

So many people just put their money in an index fund and are content with earning slightly below average returns (slightly below average = average - a management fee). Don't get me wrong, that's ok for most people. If someone doesn't have the time, desire or aptitude to personally manage their investments, they should be commended for saving the best way they know how.

However, my goal is never to be average. For a market average to exist there must be stocks above and below the midpoint. I'm willing to sacrifice and put in the time and effort necessary to be above average. Time and effort doesn't always equate to success, but it sure doesn't hurt. I would have much rather tried and failed than to have never tried at all.

I'm pumped! Let's go analyze some stocks! Roll Tide!


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Fair Value Data

Posted by D4L | Saturday, November 10, 2007 | | 4 comments »

Last week I posted a Stock Analysis on PAYX including a link to a PDF containing a detailed analysis. In this article, I will explore the section titled Fair Value Data (located in the top left section of the above linked PDF). This section provides metrics to help you to determine if the investment is trading at a premium, discount or if it is fairly priced. Below is a description of each item in the Fair Value Data section from page 2 of the detailed analysis:

Closing Price:
Recent closing price. A Star is added if the closing price is less than the average of "Avg. High Yield Price", "20-Year DCF Price" and "Avg. P/E Price"; or less than the "Graham Number". A Star is deducted if the closing price is 5% greater than the "Mid-2 Fair Value" high price.

Avg. High Yield Price:
Price calculated by dividing current dividend per share by the average high dividend yield for each of the last 5-years (dividend per share divided by the year's low share price).

20-Year DCF Price:
Price calculated by taking the Net Present Value (NPV) of the next 20 years of dividends and the estimated value of the stock at the end of 20 years. Below are the assumptions used for this company: Discount rate: 15.0% EPS growth rate: 17.1% Div. growth rate: 18.5% Calculated NPV: $68.14

Avg. P/E Price:
Price calculated by multiplying the EPS (trailing twelve months) times the minimum of: 1.) 5-year average of high and low P/Es or 2.) Last years high P/E.

Graham Number:
Price calculated by taking the square root of 22.5 times the tangible book value per share times EPS (trailing twelve months). Benjamin Graham, Warren Buffett's mentor and the father of value investing, developed rules for the defensivly screening stocks. This formula uses his principles to calculate the "maximum" price one should pay for the stock. He believed - as a rule of thumb - the product of P/E ratio and price-to-book should not be more than 22.5 (P/E ratio of 15 x price-to-book value of 1.5). The 15 P/E was was a result of Graham wanting his portfolio to have a yield equal yield to that of a AA bond (back then around 7.5%). The inverse of this yield is 1 divided by 7.5%. That works out to 13.3; he rounded up to 15.

Mid-2 Fair Value:
Range of fair values with the low-end equal to minimun of the four fair value calculations above, and the high-end is equal to the average excluding the highest and lowest fair value calculations. The discount or premium is calculated using the high-end of the range.

The Closing Price is as of the date shown in the Fair Value Data title.

The Avg. High Yield Price is calculated by dividing current dividend per share by the average high dividend yield. For example, say a stock has a 5-year average yield of 2.5% and its current annual dividend is $1.00 per share, then the calculated fair value is $40.00 per share ($1.00 / .025). If the closing price is less than $40.00 then the stock is selling at a discount based on the Avg. High Yield Price.

The value of any investment can be estimated using a discounted cash flow (DCF) model. That is what the 20-Year DCF Price is based on. The historical inputs to this model are: annual earnings per share (EPS), annual dividend per share and price earnings (P/E) ratio.

In addition, the following future assumptions are entered into the model: discount rate, EPS growth rate and dividend growth rate. My model defaults to the following values based on historical data. EPS growth rate: the minimun of the historical 5- or 10-year growth rate; dividend growth rate: as described in my earlier post, Dividend Analytical Data. My target discount rate is 15%. The model assumes the stock is sold at the end of 20 years. The assumptions used for any given stock analysis are shown in the 20-Year DCF Price section on page 2, along with the calculated net present value (NPV). Needless to say, this is the most complicated fair value calculation of those presented and these two paragraphs can't begin to do it justice.

The Avg. P/E Price price is a fairly straight forward calculation. It is calculated by multiplying the trailing 12-months (TTM) EPS times the stocks P/E. For example, if the TTM EPS for a company was $3.80 and it had a P/E of 12, then the calculated fair value is $45.60 per share ($3.80 x 12). If the closing price is less than $45.60 then the stock is selling at a discount based on the Avg. P/E Price.

The Graham Number is calcculated by taking the square root of 22.5 x tangible book value per share x TTM EPS. For example, if the TTM EPS for a company was $6.80 and it had a tangible book value per share of $12.50, then the calculated fair value is $43.73 per share (square root[$6.80 x 22.5 x 12.50]). If the closing price is less than $43.73 then the stock is selling at a discount based on the Graham Number. Since the Graham Number tends to be the most conservative value, the stock is awarded a fair value Star if it is trading below it.

The Mid-2 Fair Value (shown on pg. 2 of the linked analysis) sets a range of fair values, with the low-end of the range equal to the lowest of the four calculations described above. The ranges high-end is equal to the average of the remaining values after excluding the highest and lowest values. The discount or premium shown throughout the document is calculated using the high-end of the range.

What do you consider when determining the fair value of a stock?

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Stock Analysis: ACAS

Posted by D4L | Friday, November 09, 2007 | | 2 comments »

This article appeared in The Carnival of Personal Finance #126.

Linked here is a PDF copy of my analysis of American Capital Strategies, Ltd. (ACAS). Earlier this week I added to my position in this stock. Below are some highlights from the above linked analysis:

Company Description: American Capital Strategies, Ltd. is a principal investment firm specializing in management and employee buyouts, recapitalization, special situations, middle market, and growth capital investments.

Fair Value: I consider four calculations of fair value, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Avg. High Yield Price, 2.) 20-Year DCF Price, 3.) Avg. P/E Price and 4.) Graham Number. ACAS is trading at a discount to two of the four valuations above. If I exclude the high and low valuation, and average the remaining two valuations, ACAS is trading at a 7.5% discount. ACAS gets a Star for being fair valued.

Dividend Analytical Data: In this section I consider five factors, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15%, 2.) Dividend Growth Rate, 3.) Years of Div. Growth, 4.) 1-Yr. > 5-Yr Growth and 5.) Payout 15% of avg. ACAS earned Stars in 3.) and 4.) above.

Dividend Income vs. MMA: Why would you assume the equity risk and invest in a dividend stock if you could earn a better return in a much less risky money market account (MMA)? This section compares the earning ability of this stock with a high yield MMA. Two items are considered in this section, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) NPV MMA Diff. and 2.) Years to >MMA. ACAS earned a Stars for 1.) and 2.) above.

Other: As noted in ACAS's October 30, 2007 news release, the company increased its Q4 dividend 14% to $1.00 and forecasted a 13% dividend increase in 2008.

Conclusion: ACAS earned one Star in the Fair Value section, two Stars in the Dividend Analytical Data section and two Stars in the Dividend Income vs. MMA section for a total of Five Stars which rates it as a 5-Star Strong Buy.

Disclaimer: As always this is only my opinion and you should not rely on it. Before buying or selling any stock you should do your own research and reach your own conclusion. See my Disclaimer for more information.

Full Disclosure: At the time of this writing, I own shares of ACAS.

What are your thoughts on ACAS?


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Share Buybacks - Do they really help?

Posted by D4L | Thursday, November 08, 2007 | | 10 comments »

In his Weekly Investing Roundup - November 2, 2007, The Dividend Guy wrote:

Even though I love dividend investing, there seems to be a real trend out there as companies turn to buying back shares instead of issuing dividends. I think there is a belief that buybacks bring more value to shareholders in the form of reduced float and higher share price. I am not convinced this is in investor’s best interests. Here is the article from S&P (pdf).



The Dividend Guy is certainly on point here. I have long thought that relying primarily on share repurchases for a company to return wealth to it shareholders was short-sighted. Earlier this week, I read an interesting article in Financial Week titled Buybacks don't always move stocks, S&P funds. It highlighted that share repurchases are not the panacea that is portrayed in the popular media. Below are some relevant excerpts:

Standard & Poor’s Equity Research examined 423 companies in the S&P 500 that reported share repurchases over the past 18 months. Only one out of every four, or 103 companies, outperformed the index after reporting the buyback, the study found.

“While these initiatives may create a positive aura around a company’s shares, our study showed an inverse link between repurchase activity and the returns achieved,” said the study’s authors, Stewart Glickman and Todd Rosenbluth of Standard & Poor’s Equity Research. “The companies that used buybacks most aggressively actually generated the weakest returns over the course of the study period,” they said.

“We believe that share buybacks may sometimes be a subtle admission by management that reinvesting in their core operations does not represent a good opportunity,” said Stephen Biggar, global director of equity research for S&P, in a statement.


Companies like share repurchases because there is no long-term commitment and no expectation of consistency - attributes that are expected by investors in a good dividend companies.

What are your thoughts on share buybacks vs dividends?


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Dividend Analytical Data

Posted by D4L | Wednesday, November 07, 2007 | | 0 comments »

Last week I posted a Stock Analysis on PAYX including a link to a PDF containing a detailed analysis. In this article, I will explore the section titled Dividend Analytical Data (located in the top center section of the above linked PDF). This section evaluates certain attributes of a dividend investment that I consider relevant. Below is a description of each item in the Dividend Analytical Data section from page 2 of the detailed analysis:

Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15%:
Dividends will double every 5 years if they grow by 15%. This test is TRUE, and a Star is added, if dividends grew on average in excess of 15% for each consecutive 4 year periods, within the last 10 years of history.

Dividend Growth Rate:
The minimum dividend growth rate of the 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 year dividend growth rate or 15%, if "Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15%". A Star is awarded if the dividend growth is 15% or greater.

Years of Div. Growth:
The number of consecutive years of dividend growth. A Star is awarded for consecutive growth in 10 or more years. A Star is deducted if the number of
years is less than 5 years.

1-Yr. > 5-Yr Growth:
This test identifies if dividend growth is accelerating. A Star is awarded if the 1-year dividend rate growth exceeds 5-year dividend growth rate.

Payout 15% of avg.:
This test identifies companies who have significantly increased dividends paid as a % of earnings. A Star is deducted if the current dividend payout exceeds the 10-year average by 15 points (+15%).

Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15% is one of my favorite attributes. This test evaluates the consistency of dividend increases over the last 10 years. If you are only looking at a 10-year average, a stock could double its dividend in the first year, grow it by 6% in the subsequent 9 years and end up with an 10-year average growth rate of 15.4%. However, that scenario would fail the Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15% test. A Star is added, if the result of this test is True.

For the Dividend Growth Rate I have opted to take a conservative route. I calculate a 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 year compound annual growth rate and assume the lowest value. However, if that amount is less than 15% and the Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15% test is true, I use 15%. By considering the Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15%, a company in a cyclical industry is not unduly penalized for having a single down year, when it has a history of being a strong performer. A Star is added if the dividend growth is 15% or greater.

We all want a raise each year from our employer. The same should be true for the companies we invest in. One of the most important aspects of a dividend stock is its ability to consistency raise dividends over time. Years of Div. Growth looks back and counts how many consecutive years the company has raised it dividend. A Star is added for consecutive growth in 10 or more years, while a Star is deducted for less than 5 years.

If growing dividends at a consistent rate is good, then growing dividends at an accelerated rate is excellent! The 1-Yr. > 5-Yr Growth test rewards companies when their last dividend increase that was in excess of the its 5-year compound annual growth rate. A Star is added to companies that pass the 1-Yr. > 5-Yr Growth test.

Most dividend companies understand the importance of a consistent dividend. When times are tough, most well-established dividend companies will attempt to maintain their dividend policy, even if it means paying out a higher percentage of their earnings. The Payout 15% of avg. test penalizes companies that have raised their dividend payout in excess of their 10-year average by 15 points (+15%) by deducting a Star. This does not necessarily mean a company is bad, it just merits further attention. It is a positive sign, if the company is willing to maintain its dividend policy during a short-term downturn. It is up to you to determine if the downturn is short-term or if something has fundamentally changed.

When evaluating a company's dividend attributes, what do you consider to be the most important?


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Dividend Income vs. MMA

Posted by D4L | Monday, November 05, 2007 | | 10 comments »

What is the primary reason you invest in dividend stocks? For me, it is a means to build a growing income that can be relied on during retirement. So, why choose dividend stocks instead of another income investment? I view it as an opportunity to see my earnings grow each year, not only from reinvested dividends, but from an increasing dividend rate.

Why would you assume the equity risk and invest in a dividend stock if you could earn a better return in a less risky money market account (MMA)? When I screen for worthy dividend investments, one of my first tests is to determe if the investment will perform better than a MMA over time.

Last week I posted a Stock Analysis on PAYX including a link to a PDF containing a detailed analysis. In this article, I will explore the section titled Dividend Income vs. MMA (located in the top right section of the above linked PDF). This section helps me determine if the investment's dividend income could possibly pay more than interest earned from a MMA, over time. Below is a description of each item in the Dividend Income vs. MMA section from page 2 of the analysis:

MMA Rate:
Representative high money market rate (MMA) at a financial institution that is insured by the FDIC up to the legal limit ($100,000). Currently using AmTrust direct as a proxy.

NPV MMA Diff.:
The basis of this calculation is a hypothetical $1,000 investment in this stock and a MMA earning the MMA Rate above. The value calculated is the net present value (NPV) of the cumulative differences between the dividend earnings of this investment and the interest income from the MMA over 20 years. Other assumptions include: 1.) dividends grow at the Dividend Growth Rate above, 2.) dividends are reinvested, 3.) share price appreciation is not considered, 4.) interest income is reinvested in the MMA. A Star is added for amounts over a certain amount depending on how long a company has paid a dividend. $10,000 for a company that has paid a dividend for less than 10 years, $7,500 for a company that has paid a dividend from 10-25 years and $2,500 for a company that has paid a dividend for more than 25 years. A Star is deducted if the amount is negative.

Years to >MMA:
The number of years until dividend earnings exceed the earnings from a hypothetical money market account earning the MMA rate above, considering the other assumptions listed in "NPV MMA Diff." above. A Star is added if the number of years is less than 5.


Considering what AmTrust is currently paying (5.36% APR at the time this article was written), yield's on most dividend paying stocks are well below that of a high-yield MMA . Thus, my emphasis on over time. As noted in the NPV MMA Diff. description above, my chosen time horizon is 20 years. Given the future uncertaintly, if it takes less than 5 years for the investment's annual earnings to exceed the MMA's annual earning (Years to >MMA), a Star is added.

To quickly perform this test, I enter 10 years of dividend payments and the current yield of a stock into my model. Given those inputs, the model will calculate the NPV of the earnings difference on a hypothetical $1,000 investment in the stock and a MMA. If the amount calculated is negative, you would earn more by putting your money in a MMA. Even if the amount is positive, a lot can happen in 20 years, so I look for a $10,000 cushion. This is the level I have elected to add a Star.

Let me point out some potential flaws to my calculation:

  1. I assume a steady interest rate for the MMA over the 20 year period.

  2. Since I am looking at the ability of the investment to generate income, I ignore any share price appreciation.
Due to the great disparity between certain high-yield MMA rates and published rates (http://www.bankrate.com/ today is reporting the national average for MMA is 3.5%), I have chosen to use a rate that I am actually getting. Over time, I will probably normalize the MMA interest rate I use by building an average of the available high-yield MMA rates .

Before I perform the tests above, I check to see if the company has lowered its dividend over the last 10 years.

What is the first thing you look at when evaluating a dividend stock?


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Stock Analysis: PAYX

Posted by D4L | Saturday, November 03, 2007 | | 6 comments »

Linked here is a PDF copy of my analysis of Paychex, Inc. (PAYX) (alt.1, alt.2). Last week I initiated a position in this stock. Below are some highlights from the above linked analysis:

Company Description: Paychex, Inc. provides payroll and integrated human resource and employee benefits outsourcing solutions for small- to medium-sized businesses in the United States.

Fair Value: I consider four calculations of fair value, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Avg. High Yield Price, 2.) 20-Year DCF Price, 3.) Avg. P/E Price and 4.) Graham Number. PAYX is trading at a discount to three of the four valuations above. If you average the middle two valuations, it is trading at a 17.1% discount. PAYX gets a Star for being fair valued.

Dividend Analytical Data: In this section I consider five factors, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) Rolling 4-yr Div. > 15%, 2.) Dividend Growth Rate, 3.) Years of Div. Growth, 4.) 1-Yr. > 5-Yr Growth and 5.) Payout 15% of avg. PAYX earned Stars in 1.), 2.) and 4.) above.

Dividend Income vs. MMA: Why would you assume the equity risk and invest in a dividend stock if you could earn a better return in a much less risky money market account (MMA)? This section compares the earning ability of the dividend stock with a high yield MMA. Two items are considered in this section, see page 2 of the linked PDF for a detailed description: 1.) NPV MMA Diff. and 2.) Years to >MMA. PAYX earned a Star for 1.) above.

Conclusion: PAYX earned one Star in the Fair Value section, three Stars in the Dividend Analytical Data section and one Star in the Dividend Income vs. MMA section for a total of Five Stars which rates it as a 5-Star Strong Buy.

Disclaimer: As always this is only my opinion and you should not rely on it. Before buying or selling any stock you should do your own research and reach your own conclusion. See my Disclaimer for more information.

Full Disclosure: At the time of this writing, I own shares of PAYX.

What are your thoughts on PAYX?


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Stock Analysis Archive

Posted by D4L | Saturday, November 03, 2007 | | 0 comments »

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Stock Analysis

Posted by D4L | Saturday, November 03, 2007 | | 0 comments »

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2007 Stock Analysis Archive

Posted by D4L | Saturday, November 03, 2007 | | 0 comments »

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Process Overview and Asset Allocation

Posted by D4L | Friday, November 02, 2007 | | 0 comments »

I am a process oriented investor. By process oriented I am referring to a defined system that I follow when investing - to the point it is nearly mechanical. That's not to say it is rigid; it is constantly evolving and changing as I learn.















At the foundation of my investing process are active investment types and target allocations (see chart). Active investment types are investment vehicles that I contribute to on a monthly basis outside of my retirement accounts [401(k), IRA, etc.] Each of the three investment types are described below:

Mutual Funds
I currently own two mutual funds:

  1. An S&P Index Fund that I haven't made a contribution to since December 2004. This fund is used to benchmark all my other investments.

  2. An actively managed large cap blend fund. This fund, more often than not, beats the aforementioned S&P Index Fund. Its life-to-date annualized return is usually in the 11%-14% range.
As noted in the chart above, my target % for Mutual Funds is one-third (33%) of my active investments. The goal of this portion of my investments is to beat the market averages by utilizing professionals. I am comfortable with the Mutual Fund's performance and it is currently on auto-pilot, so I don't anticipate spending any time discussing it.

Indexed ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds)
This third (33%) of my active investment is divided into the following two segments evenly split at 16.5% each:

  1. Asset Allocation ETFs: This strategy is based on an article by Richard Jenkins on MSN Money titled "A simple ETF strategy for beginning investors". Don't let the "beginning investors" term scare you away. I have found this strategy to be very effective. The goal of this portion of my investments is to provide diversification over a broad allocation of stocks. Since these investments are mechanical, I don't anticipate spending any time discussing them.

  2. Dividend / Income ETFs: The goal of this portion of my investments is to provide a growing dividend income with lower risk than owning individual stocks. I am still tinkering with this portion of my investments, as such, I anticipate spending some time discussing it.
Dividend Stocks
The final third (33%) of my active investments is dedicated to dividend / income producing stocks. This portion of my investments will be the primary focus of this site as I try to refine the analytical process used to identify worthy investments.

I look forward to the journey and invite you to come along with me!

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Disclaimer

Posted by D4L | Thursday, November 01, 2007 | | 0 comments »

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